[pdf-embedder url=”https://treefresno.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Save-the-World-with-electric-cars-Raj-Kapoor.pdf” title=”Save the World with electric cars – Raj Kapoor”]
[pdf-embedder url=”https://treefresno.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Indigo-Microbes-for-Big-Agriculture.pdf” title=”Indigo – Microbes for Big Agriculture”]
Seaweed may be thought of as a nuisance, but an increasing number of fishermen, scientists and consumers are seeing it as a solution
Many of us think of seaweed as a nuisance — the slimy, sometimes smelly stuff that clogs fishermen’s nets, gets tangled in our ankles in the ocean, and washes up unwanted on the beach. Even its name — sea-weed — implies something undesirable.
And yet increasing numbers of fishermen, scientists, and foodies in this country are starting to look at seaweed very differently — as a promising source of food, jobs and help cleaning ocean waters. With rising global populations and limited space to expand agriculture on land, they are turning to the sea — and its “weeds” — as a new frontier.
Bren Smith
Bren Smith: Welcome aboard.
Lesley Stahl: Thank you.
It’s not often you get a ride to visit a farm on a boat. But we were on-board with Bren Smith, the nation’s leading advocate for a whole new type of farming — ocean farming. We joined him on a cold day in December, the time of year he heads out to his version of fields to plant his staple crop, a type of seaweed called sugar kelp.
Bren Smith: Here it is.
Lesley Stahl: This is the farm? I can’t see anything. (LAUGH)
Bren Smith: The whole idea is it’s down under the water. So, see the white buoys?
Lesley Stahl: Yes.
Bren Smith: That’s the edges of the farm.
Lesley Stahl: And the black ones?
Bren Smith: Black buoys are holding up a horizontal rope below the surface. So it’s rows– kinda rows of crops. So this is the seed.
He showed us what looked like a tube covered in fuzz.
Lesley Stahl: Is that kelp?
Bren Smith: Yeah, these are the baby plants, they’re about two millimeters. And these are gonna– gonna grow to 15, 18 feet by the spring. It’s one of the fastest growing plants on earth.
And unlike all those plants that grow in earth, seaweed doesn’t need fertilizer, or freshwater. It’s what’s called a zero-input crop.
Bren Smith: So now we’re just gonna unravel it.
Just attach the string it grows on to rope and suspend it eight feet under water.
Lesley Stahl: And that’s it, huh?
Bren Smith: That’s it.
In five or six months, that fuzz will look like this. This was some of his crop last year. Smith began leasing the right to farm this 20-acre plot of water in 2012 from the state of Connecticut. His was the first commercial seaweed farm in the state. Now there are nine, with a half dozen more in the works.
Bren Smith: We hope you know, in 10, 20 years, there are thousands of farmers doing this. We think it’s the future, the time to move out in the ocean and luckily we can do it the right way.
Smith spent most of his life working the oceans in what he now considers the wrong way — on industrial fishing boats, going after lobster, tuna, and cod.
Bren Smith: We were tearing up whole ecosystems with our trawls, fishing in illegal waters,and just really chasing fewer and fewer fish further and further out to sea.
Lesley Stahl: And you didn’t think about–
Bren Smith: No.
Lesley Stahl: –the idea that you were depleting the population of fish?
Bren Smith: The oceans just seemed boundless.
Boundless, and bountiful.
Bren Smith: The sense of meaning of helping feed my country — you know, fishermen– there’s some jobs, you know, coal– coal workers, farmers, I think steelworkers, and– and fishermen where, you know, they’re jobs that are soul-filling. You know, they’re jobs that we write, and sing songs about. And I just, I wanted that life. And it’s– I still do.
But that life was increasingly in peril. Cod stocks crashed due to overfishing, and after Smith reinvented himself cultivating oysters in Long Island Sound, Hurricanes Irene and Sandy hit, destroying his crop two years in a row.
Dr. Charlie Yarish: Bren was really on the verge of bankruptcy.
Searching for a new career on the water, he sought advice from Charlie Yarish, a professor of marine biology whose lab at the University of Connecticut studies some of the thousands of different types of seaweeds.
Dr. Charlie Yarish: But there’s only 20 globally that are actually farmed.
Lesley Stahl: They’re not all edible?
Dr. Charlie Yarish: No, they’re not all edible. Some of ’em actually are quite toxic.
It was Yarish who suggested Smith consider sugar kelp, a local seaweed that gets planted after hurricane season is over, has a mild taste, and can also be used as animal feed and fertilizer.
Lesley Stahl: Seaweed for you, was the lightbulb?
Bren Smith: Yeah, yeah.
Lesley Stahl: The eureka moment.
Bren Smith: We can create jobs here. We– we can protect and improve the environment. We don’t have to make this choice–
Smith now operates one of the largest seaweed hatcheries in the country, with tanks full of developing kelp spores, and a processing room that comes alive in spring when he and his team bring in the harvest and get it ready for sale. Blanched in 170-degree water, kelp turns a vivid green and can then be sold fresh or frozen, sometimes in the form of noodles. Smith’s customers include Google for their cafeteria, Yale University, and several restaurants and wholesalers. He has sold out the last four years.
But at this kelp farm across the country in the waters outside Seattle, producing food is almost beside the point. This is a test farm, where Betsy Peabody of the Puget Sound Restoration Fund and a team of scientists are doing an experiment to see whether seaweed can help fight the growing problem of ocean acidification — caused mainly by increasing carbon dioxide levels in the seas.
Betsy Peabody: Roughly 25% of CO2 in the atmosphere is being absorbed into oceans.
Lesley Stahl: And that is what we’re getting from fossil fuels?
Betsy Peabody: From both carbon emissions, from deforestation, and I think initially people thought, “Well, thank goodness the oceans are taking up some of that carbon dioxide.” But then, scientists started to document that, in fact, when that carbon dioxide goes into the ocean, it causes chemical changes.
Changes like increasing the water’s acidity, as documented in the U.S. government’s 2017 climate science special report. The excess CO2 causes “a decrease of carbonate ions… Which many marine species use to build their shells and skeletons.” Worldwide, “ocean surface waters have become 30% more acidic over the last 150 years.” And in the Pacific Northwest, the problem is compounded by currents that bring more carbon-rich waters to the surface. And that’s where seaweed comes in.
Dr. Charlie Yarish: Kelp take up carbon dioxide like any plant does, and it just so happens it lives in the water. There are winners and losers in ocean acidification. Organisms that produce carbonate shells like shellfish, they’re a loser. They can’t handle the lower PH. They can’t deposit as much calcium in their shells. On the other hand, when seaweeds like kelp, they actually pick up that carbon dioxide because now it’s easier for them to do photosynthesis.
Betsy Peabody: Imagine trees on land, pulling CO2 out of the atmosphere. Well, seaweeds and kelp are really good at pulling CO2 out of the water.
Lesley Stahl: So basically what you’re doing is the equivalent of planting trees in the ocean?
Betsy Peabody: Exactly.
And then testing to see how much of a difference it makes.
Betsy Peabody: We’ve got scientific mooring buoys anchored at both sides.
Lesley Stahl: The yellow.
Betsy Peabody: The yellow buoys.
They’re measuring how water changes as it flows through the kelp field, and seeing if baby shellfish grown with the kelp do better at building their shells. Results won’t be in for more than a year, and Bren Smith is eager to see them. He’s been growing shellfish on his kelp farm too — but not, he admits, because of the science. He says, it’s good business. In November, he and his team loaded thousands of baby mussels into netting that looked like massive sausages, then suspended them from ropes that hang down below the kelp. He calls it 3D ocean farming.
Lesley Stahl: Why 3D?
Bren Smith: We call it that because we’re using the entire water column. And if you can stack crops on top of each other it’s just really efficient. You don’t use large, you know, plots of ocean. But you get so much food.
Lesley Stahl: So you’ve got your seaweed.
Bren Smith: Yup. You’ve got the kelp here. And then we have the mussels.
Underwater, each row looks something like this.
Bren Smith: Off those same lines we have scallops. And then below the whole system we have cages with oysters in them.
He brought up one of those oyster cages from the bottom to show us.
Lesley Stahl: What kind are these?
Bren Smith: We call these Thimble Island salts.
Bren Smith: Let’s haul some mussels.
And he hauled up a mussel line so we could see their progress too.
Lesley Stahl: They’re in bunches.
Bren Smith: These are about mid-size. So they’ll double in size and we’ll harvest these just about the same time we harvest our kelp. So this is gonna be a big harvest.
Lesley Stahl: So are you a fisherman, or are you a farmer?
Bren Smith: I’m a farmer now. Whether I like it or not (LAUGH) I’m an ocean farmer. And I talk to fishermen about this. I say, “Listen. We have to make this transition, that heartbreaking move from being a hunter to a farmer. But what else are the pieces of what it is– sorta to be a fisherman? It’s to own your own boat, succeed and fail on your own terms, and have the pride of feeding our country. We get to keep those things.
He’s so convinced, he’s launched a non-profit called Greenwave to encourage others to follow his lead. Husband and wife Jay Douglass and Suzie Flores are among his seaweed-farming disciples. A former marine who served in Afghanistan and Iraq, Douglass learned the ropes, literally, on Smith’s farm last spring, spent a year getting a permit for his own plot of ocean in Connecticut, and built 36 anchors from scratch. The day he and Flores went out to plant their first crop, Smith was along for guidance.
His non-profit provides free seed, and guarantees to buy 80% of their harvest for the first two years. He estimates that with a $10-thousand to $20-thousand investment and a boat, new farmers can turn a small profit the first year, rising to well over $100-thousand later on.
Lesley Stahl: Has anyone actually said, “You know, you guys are a little nuts”?
BOTH: Yeah.
Jay Douglass: People just– ya know, kinda scratch their heads and say, “What do– what are you makin’ all these anchors for?” And it’s just, like, “I’m startin’ a kelp farm,” you know. (LAUGH)
Lesley Stahl: “What the hell is kelp?”
Jay Douglass: Yeah, right. (LAUGHTER)
Suzie Flores: “Why?”
Jay Douglass: Yeah, “Why,” yeah. (LAUGHTER)
Which raises a question for this whole endeavor, will Americans in large numbers start eating seaweed?
Barton Seaver: Just toss some in there, a little kelp.
Chef and author Barton Seaver thinks so. He’s written a whole cookbook of seaweed recipes.
Lesley Stahl: When I hear the word “Seaweed,” the last thing in my head is, “I wanna eat that.” (LAUGH) You think they’ll buy it out there?
Barton Seaver: I do. (LAUGH) I think, you know, ten years ago, kale wasn’t on the shelf.
He says first off, the name “seaweed’s” gotta go. He prefers “sea greens.”
Lesley Stahl: So, is this one of the dishes you created?
Barton Seaver: This is an Italian dish that typically uses spinach.
He suggests integrating seaweed — pardon, sea greens — into things we already know and like.
Lesley Stahl: Are you nervous that I might not like it?
Barton Seaver: In front of all of America? No! Not at all.
Lesley Stahl: [laughs]
Surprisingly it didn’t taste fishy or seaweed-y. And he says kelp is rich in calcium, fiber, iron, and anti-oxidants.
Lesley Stahl: It’s really good. It is really good.
Bren Smith: I mean, this is what’s exciting about this space. The oceans are a blank slate. For my generation this is a really exciting moment– I can farm and grow food, but also I can soak up carbon and nitrogen while creating jobs, while giving people the opportunity to create small businesses.
And while fulfilling his dream of living his life on the water.
Bren Smith: Yeah. I wanna die on my boat one day. That’s sort of the goal. And I think if I look over my life, my goal is just always, “How do I keep working at sea?”
Produced by Shari Finkelstein. Associate producer, Jaime Woods.
Photo: National Parks Conservation AssociationThere’s something romantic about the image of two young valentines, in an idyllic pastoral scene, etching their initials in the side of a tree to commemorate their affection, but tree carving isn’t just for lovers. In a burgeoning field of archeological study, researchers are looking to some of the world’s oldest tree carvings, known as arborglyphs, to better understand the peoples and traditions of cultures past — and most are a lot more interesting than just a heart with an arrow through it.
Photos: Basque Library, University of Nevada, RenoAccording to archeologists, the of carving shapes and symbols into living trees has likely been practiced by civilizations throughout the world, though very few culturally modified trees dating back more than a few hundred years still remain. Since arborglyphs are etched into living wood, they’re lifespan is typically limited to that of the tree — so unlike petroglyphs, which can date back thousands of years, tree carvings are among the most fleeting artifacts of past cultures that exist.
Perhaps the most studied arborglyphs are the ones produced by Basque immigrants who left their native Pyrenees Mountains to work as shepherds throughout the western United States beginning in the mid-19th century. Because their occupation would have them alone for months at a time in some of the most remote forests, they took to perfecting the art of tree carving — leaving behind drawings and poetry delicately etched into the wood as living artifacts.
Photo: The Society of Environmental JournalistsThe nation’s foremost expert of arborglyphs is Basque history Professor Joxe Mallea-Olaetxe of the University of Nevada. Over the last several decades, he has recorded around 20,000 tree carvings across California, Nevada, and Oregon dating back to the turn of the last century.
“It’s mostly history. For me that’s what they are,” says Mallea-OlaetxeIf told the Sacramento News-Review. “We didn’t have these carvings, how would you know who was herding sheep on this mountain, for example. There is nothing written on that. The Basque country, being very small, and the Basque people being very few, it is important for them to know where everybody went and where they herded, how long, all of those things. And the only information comes from the trees.”
Photo: Ken ProperFor the shepherds, the smooth, white bark of aspens proved the best natural canvases. With a knife, or even a fingernail, the artist could scratch off a thin layer of bark to form words or images. At first, their carvings would be difficult to see, but in time the tree’s healing process darkens the markings, making them stand out against the pale wood.
“It is the tree who does the carving, not the herder,” says the Professor. “The herders did not really do this carving other than the very initial, and how it would look 20 years down the road, they had no idea.”
Unfortunately, since aspens typically only live around 100 years, most remaining examples only date back that far. Still, researchers have found even old arborglyphs in fallen and standing-dead trees.
Photo: University of NevadaWhile tree carving is thought of a lovers’ pastime, those studied by archeologists are quite different. The quality and subject matter of the arborglyphs ranges from simply dates and names to elaborate drawings of often explicit sexual imagery, but they all seem to point to the effects of solitude on the shepherds. To U.S. Forest Service heritage expert, Angie KenCairn, the aspen art reflects the deepest longings of folk engaged in one of the most socially isolating occupations.
Photo: Delirious Ramblings“Sometimes they just tear at your heart. They were lonely men. That’s obvious from the sheer number of women they drew. One carving reads, ‘Es trieste a vivir solo,’ (It’s sad to live alone). That’s tough. It’s why herding sheep isn’t a job that many people want to do,” KenCairn told Steamboat Magazine.
Professor Mallea-Olaetxe, who has devoted his academic life to documenting the arborglyphs, time is running for many groves where they remain. Wildfires, disease, and natural deterioration threaten the untold number of tree carvings yet to be assessed, threatening to destroy the living remnants of a cultural legacy stretching back for well over a century.
Photo: Alex WierbinskiAlthough there is much to learn from the history preserved in the aging arborglyphs, conservationists generally discourage others from carving trees. Aside from being regarded as ‘graffiti’ in many cases, the practice could also prove lethal to the tree. Deep gouges into a tree’s trunk, like in skin, makes the tree more susceptible to diseases and pests.
While the lonely shepherds at the turn of the last century may have perfected the art of tree carving, perhaps nowadays the most romantic way for young valentines to commemorate their love is to leave things as they are.
The same applies to tree-carving pranksters whose trickery threatens to throw archeologists off by a few hundred-thousand years.
Photo via Utah Wildlife Network
More on Art in Nature
Change in Urban/Community Tree Cover by State
Declining urban and community tree cover in the United States
Newtown Square, PA, April 18, 2018 – Scientists with the USDA Forest Service estimate that between 2009 and 2014, tree cover in the Nation’s urban/community areas declined by 0.7 percent, which translates to losing an estimated 36 million trees or approximately 175,000 acres of tree cover annually. Pavement and other impervious cover increased at a rate of about 167,000 acres a year during the same period, according to research by USDA Forest Service scientists.
Nationally, urban/community tree cover declined from 42.9 percent to 42.2 percent. Twenty-three states had a statistically significant decrease in tree cover, with a total of 45 states showing a net decline. Trees improve air and water quality, reduce summer energy costs by cooling homes, reduce noise, mitigate runoff and flooding, and enhance human health and well-being, making them important to human health and urban and community infrastructure. The annual benefits derived from U.S. urban forests due to air pollution removal, carbon sequestration, and lowered building energy use and consequent altered power plant emissions are estimated at $18 billion.
The study by Dave Nowak and Eric Greenfield of the USDA Forest Service’s Northern Research Station, “Declining urban and community tree cover in the United States,” was published in the journal Urban Forestry and Urban Greening and is available at: https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/55941
A table showing tree cover and impervious cover change by state is available at: https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/news/release/resources/cities-communities-losing-tree-cover/
“Urban forests are a vital part of the nation’s landscape,” said Tony Ferguson, Director of the Forest Service’s Northern Research Station and the Forest Products Laboratory. “Forest Service research puts knowledge and tools into the hands of urban forest managers that supports stewardship and the wise allocation of resources.”
States or districts with the greatest annual net percent loss in urban/community tree cover were Rhode Island and the District of Columbia (minus 0.44 percent), Georgia (minus 0.40 percent), and Alabama and Nebraska (minus 0.32 percent each). States with the greatest annual net loss in tree cover were Georgia (minus 18,830 acre/year), Florida (minus 18,060 acre/year) and Alabama (minus 12,890 acre/year).
Three states – Mississippi, Montana and New Mexico – had slight, non-significant increases in urban/community tree cover. Nationally, Maine has the highest percent tree cover in urban/community areas with 68 percent tree cover. At 10 percent tree cover, North Dakota ranked as having the lowest percent urban/community tree cover.
“Urban forests are an important resource,” said Nowak. “Urban foresters, planners and decision-makers need to understand trends in urban forests so they can develop and maintain sufficient levels of tree cover – and the accompanying forest benefits – for current and future generations of citizens.”
As of 2010, urban land occupied 3 percent, or 68 million acres, of the United States, while urban/community land occupied just over 6 percent of the United States, or 141 million acres.
Overall, urban/community impervious cover had a statistically significant increase from 14.5 percent to 15.1 percent (an increase of 0.6 percent), States with the greatest annual net percent increase in impervious cover were Delaware (0.28 percent), Iowa (0.26 percent), and Colorado, Kansas and Ohio (0.24 percent each). States with the greatest annual net increase in impervious cover were Texas (17,590 acre/year), Florida (13,900 acre/year) and Ohio (8,670 acre/year).
###
The mission of the Northern Research Station is to improve people’s lives and help sustain the natural resources in the Northeast and Midwest through leading-edge science and effective information delivery.
###
The mission of the U.S. Forest Service, an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, is to sustain the health, diversity and productivity of the nation’s forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations. The agency manages 193 million acres of public land, provides assistance to state and private landowners, and maintains world-renowned forestry research and wildland fire management organizations. National forests and grasslands contribute more than $30 billion to the American economy annually and support nearly 360,000 jobs. These lands also provide 30 percent of the nation’s surface drinking water to cities and rural communities; approximately 60 million Americans rely on drinking water that originated from the National Forest System.
###
USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Stop 9410, Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call toll-free at (866) 632-9992 (English) or (800) 877-8339 (TDD) or (866) 377-8642 (English Federal-relay) or (800) 845-6136 (Spanish Federal-relay).
